our use of them so far has seen two effects, from my POV and recollection (not timed).
1. a good "solid" hit close to vehicles (say within 10m) will render them inert for about 20(?) seconds or so.
2. a rough hit, outside 10m or so will only stop them momentarily and maybe not all of the convoy either.
it disables vehicles, doors and gunnery posts (ringmounted miniguns) and will cause heli's to drop to the ground until the effect wears off. enemies inside said vehicles appear to be dsiabled as well, until you engage them, then they will fight back.
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